FTTR

The Internet has grown to be an essential component of life in the digital age of the Internet of Everything. The pursuit of spiritual demands and life quality is increased with an increase in economic status, and each family has larger expectations for the network’s speed, reliability, and coverage. All of these factors combine to make the arrival of the gigabit age an unstoppable trend of the day. Fiber to the building in the 10M era; fiber to the house in the 100M era; and fiber to the room in the gigabit era.

What is FTTR: The Ultimate Solution for Home Gigabit Wi-Fi Technology

A fundamentally technical way of optical fiber access is called “FTTR” (Fiber to The Room), which refers to the laying of optical fibers to remote nodes. Additionally, there are FTTB, FTTC, FTTZ, and FTTH. They can be arranged in a tree, bus, ring, or star topology.

In the gigabit era, FTTR is a new coverage option for the home network as well as another advancement in home networking technology. Optical fiber was once utilized in the living room, but it is now present in every room. In the entire home, FTTR delivers Wi-Fi 6 Gigabit coverage with low latency, excellent quality, and great stability.

Why do we need FTTR: complete gigabit Wi-Fi coverage?

Most customers must be wondering why FTTR is necessary when Wi-Fi is already available. The indoor Wi-Fi of the majority of home internet customers is linked to a router through an ONU (Optical Network Unit) and is therefore covered by the router’s Wi-Fi signal. Frequency bands 2.4 and 5 are supported by routers. The 2.4G frequency range can support a maximum rate of 300Mbps, however because to the significant interference in this frequency band, the real usage impact is significantly poorer. Users that want high bandwidth applications must use the 5G frequency range, however because of the weak WiFi signal’s ability to pass through walls, some large-scale users experience significant annoyance with their high bandwidth applications.

Simply said, if the Gigabit optical network were likened to a highway, FTTR would be responsible for paving the road to every room in the home, while FTTH would be responsible for paving the road to the door of the house. This successfully addresses both the issue of interior Wi-Fi network coverage and the issue of Wi-Fi becoming stuck. Every area of the house is covered by a super-gigabit Wi-Fi network that is stable and offers a five-star broadband experience with low latency, numerous connections, extremely high speed, and other characteristics to satisfy the demands of the entire family for a high-quality network. Everywhere, at any time, people may take advantage of VR movies, VR games, 4K films, real-time meetings, and ultra-smooth online lectures. The balance of life and work is actually the foundation of the digital “Utopia” age.

Advantages of FTTR: Light up a new era of gigabit

• High bandwidth and fast internet speed

FTTR solutions deliver true gigabit bandwidth to the room. The primary ONU is upstream linked using 10G EPON or XGSPON, with a maximum rate support of 10Gbps. The slave ONU, which has a Gigabit Ethernet port and Wi-Fi 6, is linked to the space via optical fibre. With this approach, the performance degradation brought on by the Wi-Fi signal weakening through the wall is avoided. True gigabit bandwidth may be sent to the space thanks to the Wi-Fi 6 air interface rate, which can surpass gigabit.

Soft, non-oxidizing, non-corroding, and immune to electromagnetic interference are some properties of the optical fiber. One deployment can provide benefits for 30 years, and its service life is up to 30 years. More than 100Gpbs of bandwidth may be added to it in the future, fulfilling the demands of upcoming high-bandwidth services.

• Good experience: seamless roaming, on-perceptual switching

After the slave OTN is turned on, the master OTN is instantly linked. The master OTN unifies the house Wi-Fi, which may be instantly synced with the slave OTN.

One SSID is used across the entire home for terminal device access, and it is shared by 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi. Depending on the terminal equipment’s signal strength, the FTTR main optical modem chooses a certain frequency band for access. For the purpose of ensuring that the terminal equipment has the highest possible bandwidth carrying capability, the 5GHz frequency range is chosen preferred.

• Multiple terminal connections

The maximum number of connections in traditional networks is 8-10, so it can support 256 terminal device connections, effectively allowing a range of whole-house smart terminals, such as laptops, TVs, mobile phones, tablets, and VR, to be linked to the Internet.

• Full coverage upstairs and downstairs

Whole-house smart gigabit fiber (FTTR) uses the 10 Gigabit OTN 1-to-N mode. Whether in the hallway or the room, the entire home is connected with optical fiber. The fiber offers a greater transmission rate, more robust transmission capacity, and longer network cable life. In addition, it can dynamically show a broad range of technical signals and enable 10 Gigabit uplinks.

Some important functions of FTTR includes:

1) Network visibility: Always available to all users at all times

Key events are shown, and filtering by time and event is enabled. Home topology and device information are accessible, and 7-day history restoration is supported.

2) Problem-solving: Cloud-based Wi-Fi troubleshooting minimizes door-to-door visits.

Automatically recognize interference, coverage, connection, and equipment issues, investigate their underlying reasons, and offer recommendations for improvement. One-click identification and rapid diagnosis of common issues take only a few minutes.

3) Performance optimization: Lower Wi-Fi support tickets

Automatic channel tuning based on big data learning from the past.

4) Understanding the features: Identifying user features to promote customer UC realizations

To assist operators’ active maintenance and commercial realization, identify users with significant interference, inadequate coverage, and poor device performance.

10GE LAN port XGS-PON SFU

10GE LAN port XGS-PON SFU

5G 4G LTE:

Fifth generation of mobile networks or 5G is a new wireless standard known internationally. To link almost everyone and everything together, for instance machines, gadgets and different objects 5G allows a new type of network. The aim of 5G wireless technology is to provide more users with faster multi-Giga bits per second data rates, low latency, enhanced dependability, wide network capacity, and a better user experience.

With 4G, you may access a wider range of online activities at a speed that is significantly faster and with greater stability. In comparison to the fourth generation, LTE’s performance decreases since it is halfway between 3G and 4G. LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a fourth-generation -4G wireless standard which when compared to third-generation -3G technology, increases network capacity and speed for cellular devices. LTE delivers faster data transmission speeds than 3G; initially up to 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. Reduced latency, expandable bandwidth capacity, and compatibility with the current Global-System for Mobile- Communications (GSM) and Universal-Mobile-Telecommunications-Service (UMTS) technologies are the features offered by this technology. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) was later developed, and it produced peak speed of around 300 Mbps.

5G versus 4G

The main distinctions between the 4G and 5G networking technologies are listed below:

Because it provides previously unheard-of download speeds, 5G revolutionizes mobile internet. Data speeds quicker than those of a 4G network are achieved by 5G Ultra-Wideband thanks to a significant scaling up of network technology.

The fundamental driver behind the creation of 4G was the high demand for mobile internet. However, the network’s speed and bandwidth are essential to minimizing the congestion during connection, which is why 5G was built. Although 5G is capable of reaching 10 Gbps per second and is 20 times faster than 4G, which results in a decrease in latency of about 15 milliseconds, 4G is still 50 times faster than 3G in terms of raw speed. While 4G latency ranges from 60 to 98 milliseconds, 5G latency is around 5 milliseconds, providing quicker download rates. While 4G communication enables high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, crystal-clear voice calls, and many other features, 5G is intended to offer more capacity for social media and video streaming, adding more “space” to use, meaning that everyone and their devices will be able to receive faster data rates. Additionally, 5G offers a connection that uses almost any energy. While 4G utilizes a small portion of the bandwidth spectrum between 600 MHz and 2.5 GHz, 5G uses three different bands. Each band has its own frequency range, speed, and various potential uses for individuals, companies, and sectors of economy. This indicates that 5G has a significantly more capacity. Figure 1 shows theoretical differences between 4G and 5G.

Why should you get 5g services?

The chances and opportunities provided by 5G extends to the following:

Driverless automobiles are now possible thanks to 5G. With its high speeds and capacity, 5G effortlessly enables this procedure since autonomous cars need to transfer and analyze massive volumes of data to assess traffic conditions and connect with other vehicles on the road.

The technologies of 5G have the potential to greatly enhance the health industry. For instance, autonomous drones that operate with mobile connectivity and transport emergency supplies might enhance disaster response times. Ambulances will be able to react to emergencies more quickly because too smart vehicle technology. With remote connection and robotic technologies, performing procedures will be safer and more precise. With the help of innovations like the meta-verse, your working life will change since you’ll be able to interact with your coworkers in 3D even if you’re in different places. Figure 2 is the illustration of 5G advantages.

5G WIFI Router Backward supports 4G LTE CAT19

5G SA Sub-6:  DL 2.4Gbps; UL 900Mbps

Future 5G mobile networks will use the worldwide wireless standard 5G New Radio (NR), which is based on OFDM. Non-Standalone 5G NR and Standalone 5G NR are its two variants.

Non-Stand Alone 5G:

The non-standalone (NSA) 5G deployment strategy allows for the delivery of 5G services without a full 5G network. This indicates that some 4G LTE infrastructure will be used by the network. For the first rollout of 5G networks, telecom operators throughout the world employed the NSA model of 5G deployment widely since it had several advantages. User End (UE) equipment uses the 5G radio infrastructure in the NSA model of 5G deployment, but control features like signaling use the current 4G LTE core network.

By utilizing two new wireless frequency bands, Non-Standalone 5G NR will offer greater data bandwidth:

• Frequency Range 1 (450 MHz to 6000 MHz) – This band, often known as sub-6 GHz, overlaps with 4G LTE frequencies. The range of band numbers is 1 to 255.
• The mm-Wave frequency range is located in Frequency Range 2 (24 GHz to 52 GHz). The bands have a number between 257 and 511.

Stand Alone 5G:

To deliver multi-gigabit data speeds with increased effectiveness and reduced costs, standalone 5G NR will employ enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications (mMTC). Operators can offer the highest performance promised by the arrival of 5G thanks to the SA method of deployment. It delivers ultra-low latency, high-speed data, and a host of other advancements that make 5G a ground-breaking technology.

Advantages and Disadvantages of NSA 5G:

For operators in the early stages of 5G rollout, NSA 5G is preferable. This is due to the fact that they can deploy using existing 4G infrastructure, which shortens the time it takes for the network to go live. This enables the telecom companies to launch their 5G networks and start offering 5G services considerably faster than they could have done with the SA method. The main focus of non-standalone 5G NR is enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), where 5G enabled mobiles will employ mm-Wave frequencies for more data capacity but will utilize the current 4G infrastructure for voice communications.  Operators compromise with NSA 5G because there are constraints to not having an end-to-end 5G network. The advantages of a quicker deployment time and lower costs come at the expense of network performance.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Stand Alone 5G:

Both the user-end (UE) and the control plane make use of 5G-specific infrastructure in Standalone SA 5G mode. The radio network that the 5G NR base stations are a part of functions alongside the cloud-native 5G Core network. It introduces the Open RAN architecture and offers simpler RAN and device design. The SA method of deployment is made to exploit the FR2 5G spectrum since the whole network architecture is 5G-specific. Higher frequencies than 24 GHz are referred to as Frequency Range 2 (FR2), commonly known as mm-Wave. In order to implement SA 5G, the entire network must be updated, which will cost a substantial sum of money in addition to the time and careful planning needed to build a Standalone 5G network.

WHY DO YOU NEED A 5G ROUTER SUPPORT NSA AND SA?

For various stages of 5G development, non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) networking modes are specified in 5G specifications. Many carriers deploy NSA networking in the beginning of 5G network construction to provide consumers 5G services while lowering network investment costs and immediately seizing the market. However, new 5G characteristics like low latency, low battery consumption, and many terminal connections are not supported by the NSA networking. Carriers eventually develop their 5G networks toward SA networking in order to realize the benefits of 5G. The development of networks is expensive, time-consuming, and extremely complicated, thus it will be some time before SA networking is commonly used. On 5G networks operated by carriers, NSA and SA will coexist for a very long time. The 5G routers acting as the egress gateway of an enterprise network must support both NSA and SA networking in order to properly deliver 5G services to business users.

WIFI 6 5G Indoor Router G565V

The 5G CPE with 5G NR SA/NSA Dual-mode

Purchasing a wifi router 5g is a big deal, and you want to make sure you choose the right one. Fortunately, there are many options to choose from. If you’re looking for a fast internet connection at home or at work, a 5g router is a great option. These routers provide fast internet speeds and wide area coverage. Many also have parental controls and guest networks, making them a good choice for home use.

4g LTE router

Using a 4G LTE WiFi router will give you a high-speed internet connection on a budget. It can even be used in remote areas that don’t get good internet coverage. Setting up a 4G LTE router is a simple process. All you need to do is install the antennas, insert your SIM card, and connect your router to a power source. You can connect the router wirelessly or via an Ethernet cable.

4G LTE WiFi routers come with various special features. Some of them include DHCP server, advanced QoS, and layer-7 filters. Make sure you choose one that has the special features that you need for your application. It is also important to purchase a high-quality 4G router, since cheap ones may break down or perform poorly. In addition, you must choose a model that offers multiple networks and supports the requirements of your particular network.

While mobile routers are great for convenience and portability, they lack convenience and browsing speed. For these reasons, they’re not a good option for every situation. For example, if you’re in a remote area with unreliable Wi-Fi or wired internet, you need to buy a 4G LTE router. These routers are similar to gateways, but allow you to use your mobile phone as a modem, and share your connection with other devices.

5g cpe

5G CPE Pro is a high-performance broadband device that enables ultra-fast and secure connections. It can download HD video clips in just 3 seconds and boasts download speeds of up to 2.3 Gbps. Its two X-full sub-6GHz antennas deliver high-signal sensitivity in a compact design.

This device is a combination of a 5G modem and a WiFi router that allows mobile devices to access the internet via WiFi signal or LAN ports. It supports a 5G SIM card. Moreover, it can be used anywhere where a cable connection is not available. As a result, it is an excellent option for business, residential, and corporate networks.

The 5G CPE is an important networking solution for remote workers and remote families. It transforms 4G/5G signals into Wi-Fi hotspots, allowing people to connect from anywhere, even in the most remote areas. This technology will also increase network speeds and prevent network cuts, which is important in remote locations.

wifi router 5g

If you are looking for the best WiFi router for your home, you should look into a 5G router. These new devices are equipped with dual-band technology and are easy to set up. They allow you to enjoy high-speed internet throughout your entire home or office. They also have multiple features, including parental controls, signal power adjustment, and multi-wall penetration.

While 5G routers have lower range and a smaller coverage area, they offer higher bandwidth. Buying a 5G router will ensure your home is equipped with a fast and reliable connection. These routers can even handle simultaneous use of multiple devices. In addition, they feature mobile failover capabilities, so they can continue working even if the wireless connection fails. This makes them ideal for essential online video meetings.

You can also choose an Ethernet cable to connect to your router. Although it will give you a faster connection, this method may not be convenient. Another alternative is a 4G LTE mobile hotspot device. These devices can connect to a variety of devices, but you’ll need a data plan to use them.

5G WIFI Router with NSA/SA dual-mode 

AX3000 WIFI 6 5G router with 1*GE WAN, 4*GE LAN, 1*FXS, 1* USB 3.0

5G Private Networks Overview:

A dedicated fifth-generation (5G) network having improved data communication features, defined connectivity, optimized services, and specialized security is called a private 5G network. Incorporating the benefits for both public and private 5G networks, private 5G networks have found use in various industries, the public sector, utilities, and businesses. The idea of a private 5G network is one of the encouraging Industry 4.0 accelerators.

Worldwide rollouts of fifth generation (5G) cellular networks have begun. Through multi-Giga bits per seconds peak rates with extremely less latency and great dependability, 5G networks are transforming both the professional world and our day to day life. However, there are also significant obstacles to widespread adoption for public 5G networks, which mobile network operators handle. Among them is coverage. In order to generate enough money to pay for network development costs, mobile network operators frequently place their networks in regions with high subscriber densities. This could lead to a lack of network coverage in more remote places and weak network coverage in less populous metropolitan sites. In interior areas with challenging radio frequency (RF) circumstances, coverage may also be subpar. In addition, high-tech industrial enterprises need to employ tailored rules and locally gathered data in a world where data breaches and cyber assaults are commonplace, which are not supported by some of the more established public cellular networks. Due to these drawbacks, private networks also known as non-public networks in the 3^rd-Generation-Partnership-Project (3GPP) have garnered a lot of attention.

A private 5G network is a LAN i.e., local area network providing a dedicated wireless access inside certain area that is built using 5G technology. More crucially, it may be autonomously controlled by its owner, giving them complete control over all aspects of the network, including resource allocation, priority scheduling, security, etc. Enterprise users may participate in establishing their own security policies and safeguarding confidential and proprietary information locally. In contrast to Ethernet, a private 5G network eliminates expensive and huge wired infrastructure, allowing for the connection of many devices at once dynamic environment with moving items and people. Private 5G networks provide benefits over private LTE networks in both the radio domain and architecture of the system.  Figure 1.1 shows stand Alone deployment of 5G private networks.

Figure 1.1 Stand Alone Deployment of 5G networks

5G networks that are private provide flexibility in spectrum, multi-Giga Bits per seconds peak data throughput, really low latency, ultra-high dependability, and connection in the radio domain.

Figure 1.2 serves as an illustration of a possible deployment layout for 4G/5G in a business network.

Figure 1.2 Private 5G infrastructure supporting Industry

5G Private Network Benefits:

The major three benefits of private networks are availability, reliability and security. Private 5G networks transform companies become mobile providers in a select number of locations. If a corporation wishes to have total control over its operational procedures, it would likely transition from managing a mobile private 5G network (MPN) to operating a 5G network infrastructure. As a consequence, adjustments may be made to aspects like bandwidth or real-time characteristics, which are not available when utilizing a mobile radio provider’s network.

Private 5G networks, compared to public networks, can be set up to meet the unique requirements of a place, and configurations can differ from site to site based on the sort of work being done in each area. Businesses may choose the network’s rollout schedule and coverage level with a private network. Another thing to keep in mind is that onsite staff may be able to build and maintain the network, which would allow for quicker problem resolution, less downtime, and a degree of uptime that satisfies the organization’s requirements.

To establish a genuinely isolated private 5G network, better security, private edge computing, and vertical network slicing are necessary at the system level. Additionally, it must be highlighted that a private 5G network incorporates several benefits from the public 5G networks and, more crucially, makes variety of difficulties easier, including interference control. Repurposing 5G technology, private 5G networks have the following characteristics:

1- Constant availability: A communication service’s availability is analyzed by dividing the end-to-end communication service’s percentage of time spent delivering it in accordance with a predetermined the quality of service (QoS) by the system’s anticipated E2E service delivery time; the requirements in a particular location. The critical values in private 5G networks range from 99.999999 percent to smaller ones, depending on the application scenarios, like 99.9%.

 2-Ultra-high dependability: The capability of the communication service to function as needed for a specific amount of time and specific circumstances is referred to as reliability. Wireless IoT and IIoT systems, in particular for industrial automation, require ultra-high level dependability to properly complete essential activities under similar constraints as those in wired systems.

3-Ultra low latency: The ability of a communication network to support mission-crucial applications requiring less than millisecond level E2E latency in their packet transfers is referred to as ultra-low latency. This is crucial for industrial automation because it creates new opportunities for secure interactions between people and robots, such those between workers and automated vehicles in a plant. Each stage of the downlink and uplink transmission operations in 5G are being revised to reduce latency in order to meet this criterion. In this regard, 5G New Radio (NR) uses improved scheduling algorithms, edge computing, fewer permitted retransmissions, and new numerology.

4-Huge device density and high throughput: To support more heterogeneous stationary and mobile devices, such as sensors, programmable logic controllers, actuators, mobile robots, cameras, and devices related to augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in private 5G networks. For instance, huge connection is needed to ensure the effective transmission of messages within a specified amount of time. High speed and high accuracy machine jobs, uninterrupted smooth multimedia services, and effective mobile device cooperation will require massive connections supporting multi-Giga bits per seconds peak data rates.

5-  In Comparison with 5G networks the Private 5G networks includes features that are unique i.e., high security, customized Quality of Services (QoS) and consistent Machine Learning (ML) models.

How to build your 5G private Networks?

There are six practical steps for implementing 5G private networks shown in the figure below.

Following figure shows simplified private 5G networks design. Small cell hardware such as eNodeB devices and remote radio heads and their associated cabling form the access edge of the network. These devices need strong upstream connectivity to the LAN. Clients access the network as 5G radio devices. Ultimately, through each organizations respective requirements will dictate the network design.

The network design will ultimately be determined by the requirements of each enterprise.

The use of private 5-G networks is increasing globally as authorities provide businesses additional spectrum so they may create and operate their own private 5G networks, which are networks that don’t exchange data with nearby cellular networks. This is a major nut-cracker for businesses, the manufacturers that need 5G communication capabilities to adopt the revolutionary applications that power the internet of things(IoT), smart factories, and digital transformation such as Internet of Things(IoT).

For businesses to build their own private 5G networks, spectrum must be purchased from the government, mobile network operators (MNOs), or other spectrum suppliers. Additionally, they need to purchase base stations, mini-towers, and tiny cells from vendors of network infrastructure and link this equipment to edge devices (smartphones, embedded modules, routers, gateways, etc).

But 5G’s sophistication also brings with it difficulties: The first need is that the devices function on the private network’s wireless spectrum. Second, there is a requirement for thorough integration of 5G hardware, software, and applications. This will highlight the function of collaborators and system integrators. To make it simpler to construct a specialized private 5G network, enterprises should search for those with extensive expertise in 5G networks and technology. However, they should be cautious of vendor lock-in. Regulations must be followed, and there are problems with spectrum availability.

  Figure-Private 5G Network Architecture

Private 5G versus Private 4G LTE:

There are three main ranges in which the 5G spectrum is allocated i.e., Low band range is under 1GHz; mid band ranges between 3.3 and 3.8 GHz, 6GHz, and CBRS; and high band ranges over 6GHz and the high band (mm Wave) frequency spans between 26 GHz, 28 GHz, and 40 GHz.

However, because spectrum is a limited resource, wireless operators throughout the world will probably have to combine low-band(<1GHz), mid-band (1-6 GHz), and high-band (24-40GHz) spectrum to provide the kind of 5G experience that their consumers want.

Low-band spectrum will enable operators to offer extensive coverage in the 5G era, but it also implies that the speed and latency of the 5G network will most likely only be somewhat faster than what is offered by 4G networks. Your closeness to the cell site will have a significant impact on the performance of the 5G network. Mid-band spectrum, which is in the 1 GHz to 6 GHz range, is thought to be perfect for 5G since it can transmit large amounts of data over long distances. The GSMA cites spectrum in the 3.3 to 3.8 GHz range as being very desirable. The millimeter wave spectrum is the third frequency band that wireless providers are using to roll out 5G. On the spectrum map, this is especially prominent in the 24 GHz range and above. The GSMA advises operators to provide millimeter wave spectrum for mobile services in the 26 GHz, 40 GHz, 50 GHz, and 66 GHz bands. However, the organization also points out that operators are currently utilizing spectrum in the 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands, and that since these channels are contiguous, it is simpler for phones to handle them.

Private LTE and CBRS:

The U.S. now offers Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), a new Private LTE network alternative. It uses 150 MHz of the 3.5 GHz C-shared band’s spectrum, commonly known as Band 48. (B48). Historically, the U.S. military and fixed satellite services had exclusive usage of this spectrum. However, the FCC has permitted expanded usage of this spectrum, creating possibilities for a variety of new uses. According to industry watchers, CBRS will give enterprises that have never had such a promising and inexpensive choice before access to tremendous wireless networking capabilities.

CBRS spectrum is shared and actively managed among three groups:

• Tier 1. Incumbent users, primarily the U.S. Navy and satellite ground stations
• Tier 2. Users with priority access licenses (PALs)
• Tier 3. General authorized users (GAA)

To provide the necessary coverage, CBRS devices may be placed similarly to how conventional Wi-Fi access points are (you may ultimately utilize devices that support both Wi-Fi and CBRS). The SAS, a central database, will be the place where the CBRS system must register. The SAS will pinpoint the new CBRS system’s position, power levels, and any neighboring CBRS systems and other systems using the same spectrum. The system is ready to use once all the data has been analyzed and any potential interference has been eliminated.

Additionally, CBRS offers a three-tiered access system for current users (such as the military and satellite ground stations), as well as General Authorized Access (GAA) for all other users and Priority Access License (PAL) obtained through spectrum auctions. The basics:

• Operates in the 3.5GHz band (3550MHz to 3700MHz)
• Standard LTE (Long-Term Evolution) radio interface
• Supports voice, text and data communication
• In-building, unlicensed ‘small cell’ service
• Requires a Spectrum Allocation Service (SAS) to avoid interference

 Figure -CBRS three tires

Figure below shows the main differences.

Figure-Key differences between LTE and 5G Networks

The FCC requirements are adhered to by the design of these access points. Unlike a Wi-Fi network, CBRS devices require authorization before they can start transmitting.

The Spectrum Access System (SAS), which employs sensors to enforce FCC regulations, prevent interference, and manage spectrum allotment, is in charge of authorizing. Before transmitting, CBSDs are intended to “check-in” with the SAS. This element is essential for CBSDs to function since the SAS cannot actively contact devices.

CBSDs use the 3550 to 3700 MHz band to do this. If allowed, the SAS can then catalogue the device and give it permission to communicate.

The LTE RAN and eNodeB operate on specialized hardware, and in an LTE network plan, they are commonly close to one another, either at the base or close to the cell pinnacle. However, the solid EPC is typically integrated and separated from the eNodeB. With this layout, high-velocity, low-inactivity start to finish communication is essentially impossible. By dividing the solid EPC and developing each feature so it could run independently of the others on standard, off-the-shelf server equipment, framework providers like Nokia and Ericsson and guidelines organizations like 3GPP worked to create the 5G New Radio (5G-NR) centre. In light of this, 5G hubs may end up being more dispersed and adaptable in the 5G core. For instance, the combination of 5G core operations and apps at an edge datacenter may now decrease communication routes and improve speed and latency overall. The architectures of the 4G LTE and 5G private networks are shown in the figures below.

Figure -Various 5G network Architectures

Through network slicing, networks may now be tailored thanks to the smaller, more customized 5G core components operating on standard hardware. In the 5G network infrastructure, network slicing enables the operation of several logical “slices” of functionality, each tailored for a particular use-case. A 5G network provider may provide three different slices: one for low latency applications, one for high bandwidth applications, and one for a large number of IoT devices. Some of the 5G core capabilities might not be available at all depending on this optimization. For instance, you wouldn’t want the speech capabilities required for mobile phones if you were simply maintaining IoT devices. Additionally, the available computer power is utilized more effectively because not every slice needs to have precisely the same capabilities.

IP65 5G outdoor router with band locking for private networks 

G500ODU is the 5G outdoor router with 5G SA mode, which can only work on n77 and n78 frequencies by band locking.

When we talk about EPON/GPON networks. One thing is sure that both are Passive Optical Network and since the power intake is zero, only end terminal required power. This is the reason why we call them Passive Optical Networks (PON). It has further sub categories depending upon the technology/standards.

PON offers economic benefits to implement and to reduce the fiber and copper equipment compare to point to point architectures. PON system is composed of below entities.

• Optical Line Terminal OLT
• Optical Network Unit ONU
• Optical Network Terminal ONT
• Optical Distribution Network: commonly known as ODN offers fiber routes for to connect all above network.

We will start with various types of ONUs and its further sub division into SFU (Single Family Unit) & HGU (House Gateway Unit).

ONU Optical Network Unit always deployed at customer premises. It works on IEEE standards as compared to ONTs which works on ITU-UT standards. When we speak of ONU port capacity, it always have same Uplink and downlink capacity which is 1.25 Gbps whereas for ONT the downlink/receive capacity is upto 2.5 Gbps and uplink/transmit up to 1.25 Gbps.

Downstream/Downlink data is transmitted over 1490 nm wavelength. All the downlink traffic is broadcasted to all the network elements on that side of the road, which is ONU in this case but only the intended ONU can receive the packet. Rest all the packets will be discarded.

Upstream/Uplink – Upstream/Uplink data is transmitted over 1310 nm wavelength as shown below but if CATV service is being utilized then same data will be transmitted over 1550 nm wavelength.

No matter in which scenario, ONU/ONT is being utilized. ONU/ONT will always have following interfaces.

• Ethernet (number of ports varies from type to type)
• Telephone which is called POT
• Wlan
• USB
• CATV RF Interface

ONU Types

There are 5 types of ONUs. All types of ONUs are based on application scenarios which can be data type, data + voice type, data + WiFi type, data + voice + WiFi type. We will discuss the first two types here.

• Single Family Unit SFU.
• Home Gateway Unit HGU.
• Single Business Unit SBU
• Multi Dwelling Unit MDU.
• Multi-Tenant Unit

Single Family Unit ONU (SFU)

In normal scenario SFU ONU uses VEIP. But in scenarios where VEIP is not being used or utilized, SFU ONU uses PPTP. OMCI management plane is supported by SFU ONU.

In OMCI data plane, all the packets can be transparently transmitted even without using any forwarding technique or MAC address learning. This feature is enabled due to one to one mapping of UNI port and GEM port, where GEM port is facing towards network backbone and UNI port is facing towards user end. OMCI does not support Wireless interfaces as the OMCI management data flow is not same as that of RG data flow.

The OAM of OMCI management plane supports OLT in configuring and managing Ethernet port of SFU ONU. SFU ONU allows multiple VLAN feature due to bridging mode. SFU ONU provides excellent service capabilities when it is coupled with a home gateway.

SFU is equipped with built-in IAD, the ONT provides users layer-II data and voice services as shown below. This scenario provides transparent transmission channel and requires simple service configuration and that is the reason, it applies to layer-II networking.

SFU ONU will always have minimum one and maximum four Ethernet interfaces and these ports can be used for Ethernet/IP services and in some scenarios VOIP services or CATV service.

Simply we can say that SFU ONU can be understood as Layer-II device, usually with no routing function. SFU ONU used in different FTTH scenarios as illustrated in below diagram.

Home Gateway Unit ONU (HGU)

The division between the OMCI management plane and the non-OMCI management plane which is the data plane is defined at Virtual Ethernet interface Point (VEIP).

The Non-OMCI Management domain can not only manage all services but it also manage functional modules under the VEIP. HGU ONU allows only one VEIP. MIB is uploaded as per the device type used. It can use VEIP or PTPP.

VEIP virtualizes the total interfaces of ONU. VEIP supports OLT and ONU in data blocking process. ONU supports VEIP to manage the services and their required configuration. And hence we can say that VEIP is the virtual WAN port in HGU.

PPPT which is basically physical path termination point. The whole data flow process is achieved by sending Vlan data directly to ONU where it is received at PPTP. In other words, PPTP is a LAN port concept.

Normally HGU ONU provides Ethernet/IP service/VOIP service and optional CATV service. HGU ONU support TR-069 remote management and EMS local and remote management.

HGU is a Layer-III device which makes it able to communicate on IP layer as well and this thing is achieved by routing function and compared with SFU, it has home gateway function as well.

When it is coupled with firewall or NAT router which then eradicates a need for a subscriber to install its own WiFi router to distribute internet in home or office, DHCP server, USB ports, storage or print server etc.

In above diagram, SFU ONT can be regarded as a pipe providing layer-II data and voice services. Whereas HGU/HGW ONT provide Layer-III services, which is center of the manageable home network and can be regarded as “tap” of the smart pipe.

1GE XPON SFU, bridge/route dual-mode

1GE XPON SFU, GPON/GEPON auto-adaptive

What is 5G CPE

5G is the fifth generation mobile network, the latest cellular standard after 4G. Compared with the 4G, 5G has higher peak data speeds, lower latency, more reliability, and better spectrum efficiency. The 5G CPE is a Customer premises equipment with 5G RF module, which can convert the 5G/4G signal to Ethernet or WIFI connectivity, providing internet connection to subscribers without cable.

5G VS 4G

Peak data speed
The 5G peak data speed can reach 10-20Gbps, and The 4G maximum can reach 1Gbps
Network Energy efficiency
Compared with 4G, 5G has a 100 times improvement in energy efficiency
Latency
The 5G network latency is around 1ms, but 4G should be 10ms
Spectrum efficiency
5G has a 3-5 times improvement in spectrum efficiency

5G CPE Application & Definition 

As telecommunication providers worldwide switch to 5G networks, consumer internet access products are increasing. The demand for CPE (Consumer Premises Equipment) is set to grow now that LTE is being incorporated in these products. In this article, we’ll explore 5G CPE technology as a Wireless connectivity solution.

Nowadays, the requirement for multiple device connectivity has us searching for the best Internet access service that suits our needs. We can consider a 5G CPE station as a combination of router and mobile WiFi, capable of providing Gigabyte access to the users with the incorporation of 5G ready configurations while being more flexible and movable. The devices can access the Internet by connecting to the WiFi or LAN port of CPE through inserting the 5G SIM card. The device receives the 5G signal of the base station, re-broadcasting as a WiFi coverage area with an extensive range and providing enough connectivity to dozens of smart devices.

CPE commonly refers to equipment installed within the user’s work or living space, with easy access and configuration. When some sections of your workspace or home suffer from weak signal coverage, you can use the 5G CPE Router to improve your connectivity due to its ease of portability.

While 5G CPE equipment may fulfill a similar role to a mobile router, It adds that the integration of advanced Wi-Fi features, the option to connect to smart home devices, and in-home Wi-Fi management solutions could add value for users. Furthermore, it requires no more connectivity than an energy source since the signal source occurs over the 5G network area, converting it into a mobile WiFi station.

A benefit over standard mobile WiFi devices is the option of increased transmission speed, surpassing the range well over 2Gbps, plus offering lower power consumption. Models come with Multiple ports for compatibility with other WAN and LAN networks, operating through its antenna arrays of 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz.

5G CPE routers support not only 5G and 4G LTE networks, but also come with WAN Ethernet ports for Internet access, making them an excellent alternative for home Internet access in comparison to wired networks. Another great benefit Most options in the market implement WiFi 5 and LAN connectivity ports for ease of local network implementation.

A 5G CPE device can be installed outdoors for local and home installations, becoming the main access point that receives 5G signals from a remote base station. Afterward, multiple WiFi routers can be connected as repeater stations throughout the desired area of operation, ensuring reliable connectivity with ease of installation. Keep in mind that using a 5G CPE in conjunction with WiFi routers, you are charged based on the mobile data consumption of available LTE plans from your ISP.

Contrary to wired connections, CPE technology in the form of 5G allows for the deployment of such equipment in areas where other forms of internet access, such as fiber or copper wire, represent an installation difficulty for the ISP and the users. The benefits of 5G evolution will allow high-speed connectivity over plug-and-play configuration.

WIFI 6 5G CPE Router G565V

1*2.5GE WAN port, 4*GE LAN ports, 1*rj11 port, Dual-band WIFI 6 AX3000
Powered by Qualcomm SDX62

By definition, TR-069 stands for Technical Report published by the Broadband Forum (formally known as DSL forum) and the latest amendment is TR-069 version-5. It basically defines the CPE WAN Management Protocol or CWMP. Initially, CWMP was developed to support broadband services providers to deploy and manage CPE (customer premises equipment) in home-based scenarios and business-oriented networks.

But we before starting with TR-069. Let’s go through the below terminologies.

ACS: Auto-Configuration Server. A network element in the broadband network architecture that supports auto-configuration of the CPE.

CPE: By Customer Premises Equipment, we mean any TR-069-operated device and therefore covers both managed internet Gateway Devices and managed LAN-side end devices as shown in the below diagram. All CPE regardless of type (bridge, router, Modems, gateways, set-top boxes, and VOIP phones for the end-users) use an IP address concept which is the layer-III concept to communicate with an ACS. Any customer premises equipment/device can only interact with a single server at a time.

Essentially, TR-069 particularizes communication between the Auto-Configuration Server, and ACS, and one or more CWMP end-points, normally located on devices in a BB user’s home network architecture. And this thing is achieved with a number of Remote Procedure Calls or RPCs which is explained in detail below.

What is RPC :

RPC stands for remote procedure call which is basically away or you can say a mechanism through which

• CPE is configured by reading/writing parameters in ACS.
• Report logs and historical events of CPE.

Broadly there are two RPS methods defined. One for ACS and one for CPE. There are a few generic methods as well that are supported by both ACS and CPE.

Below is the RPC method for CPE.

• “GetRPCMethods”
• “SetParameterValues”
• “GetParameterValues”
• “GetParameterNames”
• “SetParameterAttributes”
• “GetParameterAttributes”
• “AddObject”
• “Delete Object”
• “Reboot”
• “Download”

And below are the RPC Method for ACS.

• “Inform”
• “GetRPCMethods”
• “Transfer Complete”

TR-069 Functional Components:

The below diagram clearly describes the core functions of TR-069. These are the core pillar of the management of TR-069.

TR-069 Data Models:

For TR-069, there are a lot of TR defined. The below diagram describes them all. These are the type of data that operates between ACS and server. There is a list of Models defined based on the TRS.

TR-069: Management Session:

The first thing is the initiation and it all starts, when CPE initiates a TCP session with ACS and a secure connection is assigned for further communication. The session is initiated by CPE to send inform RPC messages that not only tell you the reason for session initiation. HTTP provides support for this communication.

In the HTTP Response, the ACS basically sends acknowledgment as an Inform Response. Which in other words is a response message for the received RPC message indicating the two-way communication.

The CPE will keep sending inform RPCs until the session starts. So to avoid any more RPC messages, the CPE sends an empty HTTP Post indicating that the session will start soon and be patient.  In response, ACS will send remote procedure calls to the CPE, like “GetParameterValues”.

The CPE will send the “GetParameterResponse” in response to ACS which contains the date it requested from CPE. To receive more RPC during the same session which was initially blocked by the ACS, ACS will send “SetParameterValues” to change CPE status. The session will end, once all RPC messages exchange is complete. ACS will send an “empty HTTP response”. Same as CPE sends “empty HTTP Post” to end the session.

1GE LAN Port GPON SFU, Compliant to TR-069 protocol